The most fundamental consideration when student’s selecting a science-related career is aptitude for science. Therefore, this study analyzed the definitions and components of each concept presented in literature related to science, career, and aptitude. Then, using the 2022 revised science curriculum and the PISA 2025 science framework, we derived the definitions and components of science career aptitude. According to the analysis results, science means both understanding and generating knowledge about natural phenomena. And, a career is defined as both personal life and work. In addition, we concluded that aptitude is the potential to acquire and develop specific abilities in an appropriate environment. Therefore, science career aptitude can be described as the potential to acquire and develop the ability to understand and generate knowledge about natural phenomena in one’s life and work. In this view, science career aptitude in science education can be defined as the cognitive and noncognitive potential to acquire and develop the ability to understand and generate scientific knowledge in life and work. The results of this study may be contributed to provide a criteria for the diagnosis and evaluation of science career aptitude.