Addition and subtraction of natural numbers, including carrying and borrowing, are concepts that are difficult for students to understand; therefore research on the presentation method of visual models for effective learning is necessary. This study classified the presentation methods of visual models into two types through a review of the literature and analyzed students’ eye movements and understanding according to the differences in presentation methods, in order to explore which visual model presentations are most effective for students’ attention and understanding. The results of the study confirmed that students’ gaze patterns and understanding differed depending on the visual model presentation method, and revealed that a specific presentation method increased students’ attention focus and comprehension. Based on these results, this study suggests educational implications for improving the design of visual models in textbooks and for enhancing the teaching and learning of addition and subtraction of natural numbers.